Gate Valve

1 General

Gate valves are the most commonly used valves used valves used in on-off services. They are used where stop valves are required and will normally stop flow in either direction, i.e., they are “bidirectional”. They are often used as isolation valves.

2 Throttling Characteristics

Gate valve should be used in either the fully closed fully open position; never in a throttling mode position, except for :
a. Throttling Gate valves which use a “V-shaped port” in the seat to allow throttling;
b. Throttling Knife Gate valves with a “V-shaped gate” to allow throttling;

3 General Flow Caracteristics

They offer low resistance to flow and, therefore, cause low pressure drop.

4 Stem/Yoke Configurations

Gate valves are manufactured with the following stem/yoke combinations :
a. Outside Screw and Yoke, Rising Stem (OS&Y RS)
b. Inside Screw Nonrising Stem (ISNRS)
c. Inside Screw Rising Stem (ISRS)
The OS&Y RS is most adaptable to power actuators. Also its open-close position is visually indicated by the projection of stem above the handwheel; this is an important operating advantage and is mandatory in services such as fire protection.

5 Disc Variations

There are basically four disc design variations :
a. The double disc, Parallel seat type
b. The through conduit type
c. The knife gate
d. The wedge type. This type valve is manufactured comes in four disc designs :
• Solid wedge
• Hollow wedge
• Flexible wedge
• Split wedge
The solid wedge gate valve is the simplest design. The hollow wedge design is used only for small valves in low temperature applications. The flexible wedge gate valve is less susceptible to thermal binding and seat leakage than the solid wedge; however, it is more susceptible to thermal binding and seat leakage than the split wedge or double disc. The split wedge disc valve performs well in services where thermal binding may occur as with a flexible wedge gate valve, however, this design may be susceptible to “chattering”. The multiple disc, parallel seat type gate valve has a double seated disc. The conduit gate valve is a form of slide gate. Most commonly, flexible wedge gate valves are used for higher temperature services requiring larger size, and solid wedge gate valves of smaller sizes are used in lower temperature applications. Knife gate valves are characterized by a gate-like disc in which the leading edge is tapered to form a knife edge for cutting through suspended solids or scale accumulated against the seat. This design usually uni-directional with a solid seat ring on one side of the gate and widely spaced lugs on the order side to guide the gate; fluid pressure presses the gate against the seat. Most knife gates designs are either wafer style or have flanged ends, and are of the OS&Y design, usually bonnetless. Knife gate valves are used in “dirty” applications for fluids with suspended solids and scalling potential, such as return water service in bottom ash conveying systems.

6 Limitations

Limitations of gate valves are as follows :
a. Metal to metal seated gate valves, typically, do not close buble-tight, therefore, they should not be used where high leak tightness is required, e.g., in hazardous fluid service.
b. Solids or impurities could settle in the seat and make tight closing of the valve difficult or impossible in “dirty” or slurry service.
c. If the fluid is a scaling fluid, the seat groove may scale and make tight closing of the valve difficult.
d. Gate valves in large sizes are relatively expensive, compared to butterfly valves, for example.
e. In high temperature service some gate valves have the potential for developing a problem known as “thermal binding”.
- Wedge type gate valves may have a this problem. In simplified terms, this condition can occur when a valve is closed tightly while the high temperature side is still in operation. Subsequently, when the system is shutdown, and cooldown takes place, seats move inward more than the wedge shrinkage occurring during cooldown.
- Therefore, the differences in thermal contraction can bind the wedge to the seats tightly enough so that the valve cannot be reopened until the reactivated system temperature reheats the valve .
- To perform a quantitative analysis of this effect is quite complicates, therefore, when it appears likely that this phenomenon can occur, the preferred way in which the problem is dealt with is to specify a valve which has a low susceptibility to thermal binding.
f. Seat distortion caused by piping loads can lead to continuos leakage. In addition to thermal binding, wedge gate valves, in systems where severe temperature changes occur, are also subject to excessive seat leakage due to changes in angular relationship between the wedge and the seat faces caused by loads exerted on the valve ends.
g. “Pressure locking”(also known as “hydraulic” or “pressure binding”) is a problem which can occur when trapped liquid in the body-bonnet cavity of a closed double disc or split wedge gate valve is heated and the resulting high pressure loads the two disc pieces to exert a force which is too high for the operator to overcome. This pressure, in some cases, may exceed the rated capacity of the valve and result in “bonnet overpressurization”. The solutions to these problems may include the following :
- Drilling a hole in the upstream disc half;
- Piping the body-bonnet cavity to a lower pressure area, usually the valve downstream end.
h. Some disadvantages of gate valves include :
- The full stem travel requires many turns of a handwheel and many more turns when fitted with gearing.
- Due to the relatively long stem stroke and the outside appurtenances necessary to accommodate this stroke, a large space envelope is required.
- Body seat surfaces for a wedge type date valve may be difficult to machine or refinish due to the wedge angle, which is usually 3-5 degrees.
- Very little or slow movement of the disc near the fully closed position (which caused high velocity flow) may result in scoring of the sliding parts and seating surfaces (this phenomenon is often called “wire drawing”).
- Gate valves subjected to high pressure in the closed position must be equipped with small by-pass valves. These by-pass valves (normally globes) are opened first to equalized the pressure; then the gate valve may be opened.

Valve Usage, Typical Applications

The following are some general applications where valves are used to accomplish system design objectives :
a. To start and stop fluid flow as required by the process, e.g., sluice water flow for bottom ash conveying;
b. To modulate fluid flow as required by the process, e.g., deaerator storage tank level control;
c. To balance the flow between a number of parallel flow paths, e.g., cooling water disharge from lube oil coolers;
d. To fill and/or vent the system during startup, e.g., boiler filing valves or high point vents;
e. To drain the system after shutdown or to carry out repairs, e.g., equipment drain valves;
f. To prevent overpressure and potential failure of equipment, e.g., safety valves (A subject of another Rekayasa Industri Design Guide);
g. To isolate equipment or control valves for repair or maintenance, e.g., block valves upstream and downstream of a heater and a by-pass valve;
h. To reduce consequences of pipe breaks (i.e., insurance against an unexpected but possible event), e.g., isolation valves at branch lines or sectionalizing valve in a fire water loop;
i. Provisions for future additions, e.g., valves at connection points for future additions;
j. Instrument isolation. E.g., instrument root valves;
k. Connections for purging the equipment prior to repairs, e.g., such as steam-in and steam-out valved connections.

Loading Data

Self-load, thermal load and seismic load of piping system shall be considered as loading data. Special instruction for loading data is described below:

(1) Nozzle of vessel Heat Exchanger and Tower

Nozzle reaction forces shall be informed by using the form sheet . If allowable load is prescribed, nozzle reaction forces exceeding the limit shall be informed.

(2) Lug Plates for Vessels, Heat Exchangers, Towers and Tanks.

Any vertical load greater than 500 kg shall be indicated.
When the thrust force is greater than 500 kg. the thrust force and its direction shall be indicated.
Strength of support member shall be checked for large vertical load or thrust force.

(3) .Platform of Equipment.

Any concentrated load which is greater than 375 kg shall be indicated on the information drawings.

(4) Pump

Nozzle load which exceeds the allowable load specified in "Standard Practice for Piping Flexibility Analysis'" shall be informed by using the form sheet

(5) Tank Nozzle

Loading data for tank nozzles (6" and larger in size) shall be informed by using the form sheet

(6) Pipe Rack

a. As a rule, self load of each line on beams shall be informed as uniform load (kg/m). however, if self loading data of the line shall be informed as concentrated load individually.
b. For anchor points and guides on the main beam, if the thrust force is greater than 350 kg, loading data with direction shall be indicated at each loading point.
c. When the load of piping system work away from the center of beam or column, the moment arm shall also be clearly indicated as well as the load data.

(7) Structure (Including furnace structure)
a. Piping load works on beam shall be informed as concentrated load.
b. When the load of piping system work away from the center of beam or column, the same consideration shall be given as specified per. 3.6 (c ).
c. For insert plate, if the load is greater than 1000kg, loading data shall be shown on information drawing with size and location of the insert plate.
d. For structure floor, if the load at support point exceeds the following value, the loading data shall be indicted on information drawing.
- RC floor Vertical load thrust force 1000 kg
Thrust force 500 kg
- Steel floor Vertical load thrust force 500 kg
Thrust force 500 kg
Piping load greater man above should directly be loaded on beams not steel floor plate, and if necessary, sub-beams for loaded on beams not steel floor plate, and if necessary, Sub-beams for load transmitting shall be arranged.
e. If the vertical load of a line due to thermal expansion or contraction of piping system is greater than 500 kg. the loading data of the line shall be informed as concentrated force combined with self load.

(8) Stanchion

a. All loads working on stanchion shall be informed.
b. Piping support shall be designed so that no thrust force works on stanchions, unless
stanchion is so designed to sustain the thrust force.
c. If necessary, instruction must be given to Architectural Group so that friction force due to thermal movement of piping system will be evaluated by them.

(9) Pipe Sleeper

a. Self load of piping shall be informed as uniform load (kg/m). however, if the load of a
line is greater than 1000 kg at support point, the load data of the line shall be informed as concentrated force separately from other lines.
b. All thrust force and their direction shall be informed.
c. If necessary, instruction must be given to Architectural Group so that friction force due to thermal movement of piping system will be evaluated by them.

(10) Pipe Support Foundation

a. In paved area, if the thrust force greater than 300 kg works on pipe support or the vertical load is greater than 1500 kg, the base plate type and loading data shall be informed.
For pipe support foundation, moment due to thrust force of piping shall also be informed. If necessary, instruction must be given to Architectural Groups so that friction force due to thermal movement of piping system will be evaluated by them.
b. In unpaved area, the loading data shall be informed to all support foundations. However, if the vertical load for pipe support is less than 300 kg; the vertical load may not be necessary to inform.
c. Type of base plates of pipe support foundations shall be informed to Civil Design Group. Dimensions of pipe support foundation shall be designed by Civil Design Group.
d. The numbering system for stanchions, support foundations and operating stages shall be as per project-wise.

Pipe Stress Analysis

Piping stress analysis is an important method to make sure and set a numeric system that piping system in the engineering is safe. Expenses (Style, Moment and voltage) that occurs on the actual pipe and equipment Nozzle made such that the load does not exceed the limits set by the International Standard and Code (ASME, ANSI, API, WRC, NEMA, etc.). In the analysis that the burden is due to the influence of the treatment burden of static load and dynamic treatment. Installation support (buffer) is the most important so that the influence of loading (static and dynamic) for piping operating system does not fail or malfunction. 

Static load (sustain, expansi and operating) is essentially a burden caused by the influence of internal pressure, temperature and weight of pipe material and all components in the system. Apart from the static load can also be caused by the external load, ie, earthquakes, thrust load from the relief valve, wind and wave and the ultimate burden of the land when the pipe is in the land (under ground). Burden than the static ultimate load due to land is often called the burden "occational static" or better known as the burden of "quasi dynamic", said so because the burden is considered as if the burden of dynamic but not the function of time. Limitation of voltage that occurs on the actual load dynamic quasi not exceed from 1.33Sh. 

Load dynamics (occasional) to consider the external load as a function of time [W = f (t)], among others, the earthquake (seismic), operation of safety valve, vibrasi (pulsation), and water hammer. In analysis of the dynamics, the amount of natural frequency can be calculated or estimated when the scale of the source frequency extraksi engine rotation frequency and time piping system  can be known beforehand. Frequency extraksi engine rotation can be from the vendor data information, while the frequency piping private system can be calculated using the formula  with the model based on the (routing) is  piping system. Analysis of the dynamics of this can be done using several methods, namely: Capital, Spectrum, Harmonic and Time History.

Function Of Piping Design Members

Functions of each unit of work in Piping Design Group is as follows:

Function of Chief Piping Engineer.
1. Responsible for all members in the group.
2. Coordinate with other groups (including the client).
3. Working with the Project Engineer.

Function of Area Engineer / Area Lead
1). Overseeing the design and Drafting in the area determined by the Chief Engineer Piping
2). Defining the task - the task of the Designer and Draftsman.
3). Responsible for the completeness and clarity pictures Plot Plan and Plant Design.
4). Analyzing the technical / mathematical results of the planning pipeline.
5). Coordinate the details (details) mechanical, structural, electrical, and civil society groups from the other.
6). Review and mark the images Vendor.
7). Gathering information for members of the group.
8). Determine the numbers of images required.
9). Specify a title (title) of each image, the image, a list of drawings, graphs, diagrams and sketches latest.
10). Determine the system for archiving paper every incoming and outgoing.
11). Set work schedule and record the type of work the Designer and Draftsman.
12). Order all piping materials through the Procurement Department.

Function of Checker.
1). Checking the design and detail the Designer and Draftsman (among other things: check the accuracy of the image dimensions and specifications with suitable, Piping & Instrument Diagram and Figure Vendor.
2). If approved by the Designer and / or Ladder Group. may make improvements and design changes.


Function of Designer.
1). Produce study & layout tools and perpipaan form of sketches that economical, safe, can dikonstruksi well, can be easily operated and maintained.
2). Create additional calculation is needed in the design.
3). Do material take off (the pipe needs) results piping planning.
4). Oversee Draftsman (help engineers in the technical analysis of the results of the planning pipeline structure.

Function of Draftsman.
1). Produce detailed drawings based on sketch / scheme Designer or Area Engineer
2). Conducting inspections Designer dimensional sketches on the drawing is done with the detail that actually apply the scale.
3). Documented all documents and drawings that have been generated.

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Plot Plan Preparation

What is Plot Plan
(1) Plot Plan is a Drawing Which Express Complete Configuration of the Unit (or Plan) by Showing Equipment Layout and Structure Planning
(2) Plot Plan is One of the Most Important Basic Design Documents, such as P&I Diagram, for Detail Design Engineering

Required Data for Plot Plan
(1) Space of Unit Area
(2) Process Flow Diagram and Utility Flow Diagram
(3) Proposed Plot Plan (from Client or Estimation Package)
(4) Skelton or Drawing Which Shows Dimensions and Configuration of Equipment
(5) Job Specification for Other Requirements
· Applicable laws and Regulation
· Take in/out Route for Raw Material and Product
· Average Wind Direction

Basic Philosophy
Process Equipment Shall be Arranged within a Given Unit Area to Consider Route of Take in/out Raw Material and Product for Smooth Flow of the Process.

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Trap, Strainer, Expansion Joint

Trap 

There are two (2) the type of trap that is: Steam trap and Water Trap (Drain)

Steam Trap: Steam trap function to remove condensation from piping equipment with steam or steam heating system with steam without allowing took apart. There are several types of steam trap include: 

Float Steam Trap: Consists of a room that contains the mechanism and the float arm (arm), which set the position of the valve. If the trap level condensation increased, then the valve open and emit condensate. This type of valve tends to exclude the flow of fluid with constant (Steady) during the valve position proportional to the speed condensation the entrance. Due to discharge valve is located under the liquid level, the vent system is required to remove the gas that is not condensed. 

Thermostatic Steam Trap: Containing an element of a thermostatic valve to open and close as a response to temperature fluida. Condensation Upstream collected in the valve, the cooling and ice thermostat and causing the valve opens and condensation out. When condensation a cold condense issued and signed in with the temperature approaching the saturated temperature, the thermostat and close the valve. Based on the principles of operation, thermostatic steam trap release condense the intermeten depending on the load condense happens. 

Bucket Steam Trap Inverted: Consist of the room that contains a bucket upside down (below the openings), which set the valve opening through a mechanism specific affiliation. Valve is opened when a bucket sitting in the bottom of trap. This will let air out during the heating up in the bottom of the bucket-seal by condense a ride. Valve will remain open during condensation flow and the air trapped yag exit through a small hole at the top of the bucket. At the time of entry into the steam trap, steam fills the bucket pail so that float up and close the valve. Steam slowly and exit holes in the top of the bucket and the bucket condense then submerged and open the valve so that the back flow out condensate trap. 

Termodynamic Steam Trap: In this type, condensed bursts of heat tends to urge piston in the small openings at the outlet temperature approached condensed from 30 oF saturated temperature. Condensed immediately collected in the drain system freeze with temperatures just under the spout (flash temperature). Open the trap and remove water accumulated until the temperature of condensed once again approaching the saturated temperature and spatter, so close the trap over and over and continue the cycle repeated. 

Water (Drain) Trap: Drain trap used to remove fluid that condensate in gas service. Drain trap operating principle is the same as the float steam trap unless the trap has no drain thermostatic element. 

Strainer 

Strainer is used in the piping system to protect sensitive equipment against dirt and other particles that brought by fluida. At system start-up or Flushing, strainer installed in the position Upstream pump to protect it from dirt left in the pipe during construction. Strainer also usually permanently installed in the Upstream control valve, trap, instruments and equipment for protection against rust products that arise in the system and brought piping. 

Some type of strainer is available in the market, among others: 
1. Wye (Y)-strainer 
2. Tee (T)-strainer 
3. Cone strainer 
4. Basket strainer 

Wye-strainer is usually used on piping with the size of a small diameter (small Bore, 1-1/2 "down) as in the trap, control valve and instrument. 

Basket strainer is generally used when the required flow capacity is high. 

Tea-strainer is usually used on piping with the size of large diameter (big Bore, 2 "and above) as the pump, Compressor, etc.. 

Cone strainer is usually used for temporary purposes only in activities such as piping cleaning (Flushing) and at the time of start-up. 

Expansion Joint 

Expansion joint used in the system to absorb piping expansion due to temperature expansion loop used if not practical and does not want. Expansion joint types are available in slip, ball, metal bellows, rubber xpansion joint. 

Slip joint expansion: Having sleeve (sleeve) into the body. Leakage is controlled by the packing is located between the sleeve and body. Leakage is relatively small and near zero in some usage. Slip-fit expansion joint is used in piping with a large axial movement. Slip-joint expansion can not keep lateral movement and retire to a corner lap because it can cause leakage due to packing can experience distortion. So the guide is required on the installation of slip-joint expansion. 

Ball Joint Expansion: It consists of a ball and socket with the sealing mechanism is placed between them. Seal comes from the material that is rigid and in some designs, selant software can be injection into the cavity between the ball and socket. Ball Joint Expansion able to absorb axial rotation, and retire to a corner, however, can not accommodate movement along the longitudinal axis. But that's offset must be installed to keep out the axial movement. 

Expansion Joint Bellows: Bellows expansion joint is able to absorb and contraction with the tools name is flexible bellows that pressed or drawn.

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Gasket, Bolt & Nuts

Gasket 

Gasket is piping components installed in the contact surface between the two flange that functions as a sealing to prevent leakages. 

Classification gasket 

Flat Ring Gasket: Used on the surface of the flange with raised face. He has a diameter the same as the outside diameter of outside rised face. Materials used can be metal or non metal. Some of the metallic gasket is corrugation (corrugated) or embossed , and thin metal involute (spiral wound). Non-metallic gasket can be a cardboards, asbestos, and rubber. 

Full Face Gasket: Gasket full face has almost the same outside diameter with the flange bolt holes and equipped. Gasket materials can be cardboard, asbestos, and rubber. Gasket type is used for flat surface with the flange face. 

Metal Ring Gasket: Gasket this section have the form of oval or octagonal posted on the flow surface of the flange-called "ring joint." Gasket is made of solid metal. Recommended gasket ring joint election with violence is lower than the flange. 


Bolt & Nuts 

Nut & bolt piping components that are used to tighten the connection flange with the flange, valve and equipment. There are two types of bolts (bolt) that is machine bolt (the bolt head) and the stud bolt (without the bolts). Use more general stud bolt bolt from the machine. Materials can be carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel.

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Valve Design

Gate Valve: Gate valve is designed to isolate piping system. In general, this valve is operated in the open position of the disk is full or close fully. Gate valve is not recommended for use as a regulator or throttling the flow of fluida because control does not function accurately. In addition to the flow fluida with high-speed part of the disk valve will cause the occurrence of erosion on the surface of the disk and the seat (the holder) and the valve vibration. Gate valve consists of three (3) main components: Body, Bonnet, and trim. Body valve generally through the piping system with flange connection, skrew, and welded. Bonnet through the body using the bolts usually possible to do cleaning and maintenance valve. Trim consists of the stem, disc, and seat. 

Globe Valve: Globe valve can be used to isolate piping system. However, globe valve has a pressure reduction effects (pressure drop) slightly higher than the valve such as gate, plug, ball valve. Globe valve is widely used to control the flow of fluid because the throttle has the ability (throttling) the flow is very good. 
Globe valve treatment is relatively easy so that this valve is suitable for services that require treatment of high valve. In the valve is operated manually, move the disk to provide a shorter time-saving benefits in the operation, especially if the valve should be set of the fluid flow. 

In principle the variations in the design globe valve is located on the type of disk that is plug and conventional type. Disk type plug has a long and taper so that the contact area to create a seat that is big enough. This type of plug to provide maximum durability against the effects of stream erosion fluid but not suitable to control the pressure is high. The conventional type has a contact area between the disk and the seat is very thin. This tends to be split up in the sediment and make it easier to seat the closure of the disk seat with a good contact. 

Needle Valve: Needle vale, in general, be used for instruments, measuring instruments, the sample, and so on. Valve is very accurate in the throttle (throttling) the flow of this so that the valve used for controlling the service with high pressure and temperature. 

Butterfly Valve: Butterfly valve is a type of low-pressure valve that is used to control and regulate, and to isolate flow. Butterfly valve with the system produced a connection flange, wafer (jaws), and welded. Butterfly valve is available in the type of metal to metal seat, soft seat, and fully lined body and disk. 
Butterfly valve seat materials, including: Buna N, Neoprene, Fluorel, Hypalon, EPDM. 

Valve Plug: The plug on the valve is generally used to isolate the flow of the system close the open quickly. In general, a plug valve is not designed to manage the flow, but in some of the plug valve with a special design used for strangulation fluida gas flow. The form of a plug valve port can be single (single) or multiple (many). For multiple port types to provide benefits such simplifikasi in piping installation and convenient in operation. One three-way or four-way multiple valve can replace two, three, or four straight-way valve. Plug valve usually can be easily cleaned or repair without having to disconnect from the piping system. 

Ball Valve: Ball valve is a valve with a quarter round and is suitable for gas, air pressurized, liquids, and the service mix between liquid and solid (slurry). Use of soft-seat materials such as nylon, delrin, Synthetic rubber, polymers and fluorinate provide a good sealing ability. The main components of the ball valve body is, spherical plug, and seat. Ball valve made in a pattern that is three: venturi port, full port, reduced port an. Type full port has the same diameter in diameter in the pipe, is being reduced and the type venturi port is generally one level lower than the inside diameter pipe. 

Diaphragm Valve: Diaphragm valve provides advantages in applications that do not lower the pressure may be provided by the other valve. Fluida flow through valve in smooth and straight so that the pressure drop. This valve is suitable for oppression and a very good service for the leaks even though fluida containing solid solution. 

Check Valve: Check valve is designed to prevent reverse flow (back flow) in the piping system. 
The principle of check valve is divided into 5 types: 
Tee-pattern check valve lift 
Swing check valve 
Tilting disc check valve 
Wye-pattern lift check valve 
Ball check valve 

Style gravity play an important role in the function of check valve, then the position of the check valve must always be considered. Example, the Lift and the ball check valve must be installed horizontally so that the direction of movement of the disk is always vertical to the top. Tilting and swing check valve installation should always consider the disk can easily close and positive style of gravity. 

Pressure-Relief Devices: Valve category with pressure relief valve divice Safety and the pressure-relief valve. Both are equally to protect the piping system occur if the pressure exceeds the design pressure. The difference is the service fluid. 

Safety valve is generally used for service fliud gas or steam as the characteristics and close the valve openings according to the nature fluid pressurized. 

Presure-relief valve is generally used for liquid service fluid. Valve will open proportionally to the fluid presure back and close the press if fluid under pressure settings (set pressure). 

Rupture Disk is a special type of pressure-relief device (not the type of valve). The disk is designed to shatter on presure automatically determined. This equipment has a special advantage when the volume of gas or liquid to be released in large amounts in a very fast time.

Isometric Drawing

Procedure of making isometric Drawing: 
1. Created on isometric paper. 
2. "Shop Isometric" should be prior precedence than "field isometric". 
3. Each line must be able to show a clear information. 
4. Drawing should be clear and easy to read. 
5. Piping each path can be made when necessary in some isometric drawing. 
6. Pipe line routes should be made thicker from other lines. 
7. If there is any doubt in how the image, then information, in order to review prior to construction . 
8. Isometric drawing generally does not scale, but may make seproporsional. 
9. Each reference image should be indicated. 
10. Direction of image needs to be listed as well as the number isometric. 
11. Type of pipe support should be clear. 
12. Description repairs (revision) should be clear also the last. 
13. General description must be clear and specific. 

Isometric drawings should show this: 
1. Title of the pipe line. 
2. Channel pipe, which is the number, size, classification, direction 
flow and to repair. 
3. Dimensions or the size of each material. 
4. Coordinates, orientation, ELEVATION, each piping path and equipment. 
5. Reference image a connection or a connection piping path. 
6. Size gasket or gasket. 
7. Symbols, specifications, codes, standards must be clear and 
engineering division has been set previously. 
8. Forms of employment. 
9. If there is a change in the form of work or limit the work must be clearly indicated. 
10. Coordinates, orientation, ELEVATION and type of pipe support. 
11. Nozzle and pressure on the pressure valve savety. 
12. Coordinates, orientation, and type of instrumentasinya ELEVATION. 
13. Form of connection, such as with pengelasan, thread, weld and thread, and so forth. 
14. Not need to brace the branch connection is used. 
15. Slope to a vertical direction with the "V" and horizontal with code "H". 
16. Signs of curvature and curvature broken. 
17. O'let or communicator as weldolet, and sockolet - other. 
18. Number of the spool at a desired image isometric. 
19. Is stress relief or not. 
20. Type of insulation. 
21. Boiler piping codes such as pressure, temperature and service. 
22. Other references such as LDT (Designation table line), P & ID, image vendors, a special reference case required field. 

After the isometric drawing is declared finished after checking through some phase or examination, then He is ready to send this picture as a guide to the field of employment in the field, but must remain checking against a P & ID, LTD, models and other reference.

Valve

Valve is widely used in the system to cut piping, transfer, or manage the flow of fluida. Operation of the valve can be manually or automatically through a control signal from the instrument. 

Valve is based on a standard pressure and temperature rating in accordance with ANSI / ASME B16.1 for cast iron material, material for steel B16.34, B16.24 for bronze material. 


1 Valve Category 

Stop (Isolation) Valves: Stop valve used to isolate or close the flow of the piping system. Requirements in the design of the main stop valve is a minimal obstacle fluida at the time of the valve in fully open (fully open) and the density is good at the time of valve in the fully closed condition (fully close). Type of valve that complies with this requirement include: Gate, Globe, Ball, Butterfly, Plug, and Diaphragm Valve. 

Regulating Valves: Regulating valve is widely used in the piping system to manage the flow of fluida. The flow can be a controlling flow, pressure, temperature or with the zoom in or out in the flow through the valve responds to signals from the pressure control equipment, flow, or temperature. Terms of the main valve flow controller is the ability to manage the flow of the correct position of the valve and a decrease in pressure (pressure drop) fluida in accordance with the required without any damage. Type of valve that complies with this requirement include: Globe, Needle, Butterfly, Ball, Plug, Diaphragm Valve, and with special design. 

Back - Flow Prevention: In general, Check valve used to prevent the occurrence of reverse flow (back flow). Movement of the disk check valve that is by itself (self-Actuating) where the disk will be open if the flow of fluida direction of flow is determined and close quickly when the flow of going back. In the particular, to help drive pneumatik closing disk check valve in case of reverse flow. 

Pressure-Relief Devices: Pressure-Relief Devices used to protect the piping system and other equipment in case of increased pressure exceeds the design pressure. In general, relief valve equipped with a spring that urges the disk is pressed against the holder (seat) valve. If the style of fluida wedged against the disc valve exceeds the spring wedged style, automatically opens the valve will release the excess pressure fluida. Other types of pressure-relief device that is "rupture disk" is not the type of valve. Rupture disks are designed to open at a specified pressure and have the ability to release the flow of fluida (flow rate) in large numbers. 

Some parameters to consider in selecting the type valve al: 
1. Decrease in pressure (pressure drop) 
2. Level leakage valve holder (seat leakage) 
3. Nature fluida (fluid properties) 
4. Leakage level system (system leakage) 
5. Terms actuation / settings (actuation requirement) 
6. Initial cost (initial cost) 

7. Treatment (maintenance)

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Flanges

Flange is piping component that functions to link between the pipes with the other components such as valve, strainer, expansion joint, tools instruments, etc.. and to close the flow fluida. Besides these functions in the design of special flange installed for maintenance (break flange). In terms of the strength of the pressure and temperature, is classified in the flange of the rating are: 150 #, 300 #, 400 #, 600, 900 #, 900 #, 1500 #, and # 2500. 

1 Types of Flange 

Welding Neck Flange: Flange type is differentiated from the other flange of the hub and a long taper (taper) with a thick hub gradually decline towards the edges. Hub such as this form of cultivation that gives both the flange of the angle and strength of the dishing. Besides, is also very beneficial to the SEVIS occurred where bending , which repeatedly caused expansion pipe or styles that other variables. Welding neck flange is suitable for service with the heavy conditions (severe condition) 

Slip-on flange: It is preferred by contractors because the price is relatively cheap, installation is easier than with welding neck flange. Welding of pipe with 2 fillet Weld. However, slip-on flange has a limitation on the condition of fatigue more than one third (1 / 3) of the strength of welding neck 

Lap Joint Flange: Flange is a loose type flange where the flange is not linked directly to the pipe. Flange type is usually combined with other components, called Stub-end. Stub-end components that are directly in the weld to the pipe and also functions as a flange surface (flange facing) the surface contact with the other flange. Lap joint flange is very easy for installation and alignment requirement and very economical service to the need for stainless steel flange material can be carbon steel. 

Socket Flange: The flange of the socket, the ends of the pipe is input into the space in the socket and weld on the hub. Flange type is usually used for small size (small Bore). 

Threaded Flange: Flange is installed without the welding which is highly dependent on the thread for sealing. Flange is not suitable for cyclic conditions (often dead-alive) from the thread where leakage can occur. Seal Weld sometimes used to overcome the leakage but will not be considered as a satisfactory solution. 

Blind Flange: Used to close the end of the piping, valve, Nozzle, and equipment. From the point of internal pressure and load bolts, blind flange suffer the most high-voltage compared with other types of flange, in which bending stress occurs at the center of the blind flange. 

2 Surface Flange (Flange facing) 

Flat face: On the steel flange rating applied for 150 # and 300 #. Use to adjust the main cast iron flange rating 125 # and 250 #. Brittle nature of cast iron is always a problem if piping with the steel material with a valve, pump and equipmen of iron. By using the steel flange with a flat face to get the full contact surface cracks on the flange so that the iron can be avoided. 

Face raised: It is the form of the surface of the most commonly used in the steel flange. High surface 1 / 16 "to flange rating 150 # and 300 # and ¼" for a higher rating. Fabricated surface with a small spiral-shaped groove with a goal to bite and hold the gasket. 

Ring Joint: This type of use as a seal ring of steel called a ring joint gasket. Fabricated ring groove on the surface of the flange with the specification that has been set based on international standards. Surface of the ring type joint is very expensive and most appropriate use for the service with a high pressure because internal pressure increases the sealing force of the ring joint. 

Reference Standard 3 

1. ASME B16.5, Pipe Fitting Flange and Flanfed (NPS ½ Through NPS 24) 
2. ASME B16.47, Large Diameter Steel Flange (NPS 26Through NPS 60)

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Fittings

Fitting is a piping component that functions as a connective pipe with the pipe, the pipe direction, create a branch pipe, the pipe size, etc.. 

1. Elbow 
Elbow is the type of fitting used to alter the pipe direction retire to a corner 45 or 90 degrees. Review of radius elbow elbow is available in the following types: 
a. Long radius: radius = 1.5 x Diameter 
b. Short radius: radius = 1 x Diameter 

Method of connection can be: buttweld, Weld socket, and threaded 

2. Tee 
Is the type of tee fitting 3-hole (3-way fitting) is shaped like the letter "T" used to create a branch perpendicular to the main pipe. There are 2 types in common use in piping as follows: 

a. Stright Tee: Has 3 openings with the same cut size. 
b. Reducing Tee: Having a branch with the size of a small section of main pipe. 

Method of connection can be: buttweld, Weld socket, and threaded 

3. Reducer 
Reducer is a kind of fitting that be used for reducing piping size. There are 2 types reducer as follows: 

a. Concentric reducer: have a central axis (centerline) of the section between the large and small. 
b. Eccentric reducer: the central axis has a different (offset) between a large section and small. 

Concentric reducer is most commonly used and often eccentric reducer used in piping in about pump and piperack area. 

4. Cap 
Cap is the type of fitting used to close the ends of the pipe. 
Method of connection can be: butt Weld, Weld socket, treaded. 

5. Weldolet 
Weldolet is the type of fitting used to create a branch with the smaller size of main pipe. Weldolet usually used in piping with high pressure and temperature where the connection with the joint type buttweld. The use of reinforcing pad is not required on weldolet. 

6. Miter 
Miter is sometimes used to replace the elbow. Miter is fabricated material from the pipe. Use miter for large size pipes can be cheaper than the elbow. However, lack of which has a higher pressure drop and vulnerable to overstress. With the lack of consideration, the miter is usually used to piping with large size and low pressure. 

7. Coupling 
Coupling is the type of fitting used to create a branch (half coupling) on the pipe size 2 "up and to connect straight pipe (full coupling). 
Method of connection can be: Socket Weld, and treaded. 

8. Plug 
The plug is the type of fitting used to close the open end of the part of the coupling or the tip of the valve from the vent or drain. 

9. Swage 
Swage is the type of fixture that has a function similar to the reducer. Swage used if pipe size reduction up to 1-1/2 "and smaller. Swage is also available in two types, namely concentric and eccentric. Form depending on the end of the continuation method is needed, as follows: 
a. Plan End (PE) 
b. Tread End (TE) 
c. Bevel End (BE) 

Usually the end of the swage in the form of combination, for example; BLE - TSE (Bevel large end - thread small end) k BLE - PSE (Bevel large end - Plain small end), etc.. 

10. Union 
Union is basically used for the purpose of removing the fixture, and in some cases be used to connect (assemble) piping. 

11. Thredolet & Sockolet 
Threadolet and sockolet is fitting that has the same function, namely to make weldolet smaller branches from the main pipe. The difference is that in addition to the design end of the connection with the method and socketweld thread. 

12. Stub-In 
Stub-in is not the type of fitting but is a way to create a branch to the main pipe. Branch can be the same size or smaller than the main pipe. Stub-in with the use of fitting can be avoided only because the regular pipes. Use Stub-in only very limited services on piping with pressure and temperature because the concentration of low-voltage high enough on the draw. To strengthen the connection, usually can be added reinforcing pad.

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Pipe

1 Types of pipes based on the method of making 

a). Seam pipe (pipe with a clamp / connections) 

Electric-resistance welded pipe: Pipe connection has a longitudinal joint which is created by heat from the custody of the pipe flow of electric current in a series of pipes which is a part of it, and with the application pressure. 

Furnace-butt welded pipe: Pipe connection has a longitudinal weld in a mechanical way of through koil that have been established through the device and the heated roll-roll welding. 

Electric fussion welded pipe: Pipe connection has joint which is made in the form of a tube by electric bow welding manually or automatically. Welding can be with or without the metal (filler metal). 

Double submerged arc-welded pipe: Pipe has a longitudinal connections are made at least 2 most fitting and one of them were in the pipeline. Connection made by the fusion heating power bow between the base metal with elektrode. Welding system used is submerged arc welding (SAW). 

Spiral welded pipe: Pipe connection has a helical shape that joint through welding electric resistance, electric fussion, and double-submerged arc welding. 

b). Seamless pipe (no pipe clamp / connections) 

Pipe is produced with the process of piercing of the billet, followed by a rolling or drawing or both. 

2 Length of Pipe 

Based on the general market standard, the length of pipe divided into the following categories: 
a. Single random length: the length of + / - 6 meters (20 feet). 
b. Double random length: Pajang + / - 12 meters (40 feet). 

3 Thickness Pipe 

Thick pipe is generally specified in a "Schedule Number". However, in special cases such as for service at high pressure and temperature, Corrosion allowance rates, with economic considerations in the market and the availability of the thick pipe determined in accordance with the results of the calculation of "Calculated thickness"

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Definitions In Piping

Alloy Steel: Steel that has special attributes other than carbon steel. Steel can be considered as an alloy steel blend elements if mangan, silicon, and copper exceed the following: 

Manganese (Mn) = 1.65% 
Silicon (Si) = 0.60% 
Copper (Cu) = 0.60% 

Besides, also added another element in the mix to get a certain amount combine effect in accordance with the limits of alloy steel that has been approved. Elements, among others, blend the following: 

Aliminium (Al), Booron (Br), Chromium (Cr) to 3.99%, Cobalt (Co), Columbium (Cb), Molybdenum (Mo), Nickel (Ni), Titanium (Ti), Tungsten (TS), Vanadium ( Va), Zirconium (Zr). 

Anchor: The type of pipe support (restraint), which does not move the pipe translation (straight) and rotation (round). 

Backing Ring: a ring (ring) is used in welding to prevent the entry of weld spatter to the pipeline and to ensure full penetration weld on the wall in the pipe. 

Base metal: Metal that will weld, cut or disolder. 

Connection Branch: Branch pipe is added to the main pipe with or without the use of fitting. 

Carbon Steel: Steel with specific attributes based on the actual elements carbon (C) it. Blend elements may not exceed the following: mangan (Mn) 1.65% max., Silicon (Si) 0.60% max., Copper (Cu) 0.60% max. 

Cold Bending: The process of bending pipes up to a certain radius which is held in room temperature or with heating under the temperature change or transformation phase. Usually 5X radius elbow is the pipe diameter. 

Companion Flange: Flange for through the flange or valve and fitting with the ends of the flange. 

Deposited Metal: Metal fields have been added in the welding process. 

Header: Pipe or fitting some pipes which branch (branch) connect. 

Hot Bending: The process of bending pipes up to a certain radius of the heating to high temperatures in accordance with the work that summer. 

Hot Taps: The making of a connection pipe branch (branch) that was made during piping system in operating condition. 

Interpass Temperature: minimum or maximum temperatures that are required in the deposited metal Weld before starting to pass on the next multiple-pass welding. 

Piping: The components of piping system used to stream, distribute, mix, separate, issue, measure, control the flow of fluida. 

Piping Components: Elements for a suitable mechanical or through the system so that it becomes a strong piping for pressure fluida. 

Piping System: System piping that through with the design or condition of the same. 

Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT): The process of heat treatment after welding process to remove the remaining voltage that occurred during the welding process. 

Preheating: Heating to the base metal up to a certain temperature before welding started. 

Seamless Pipe: Pipe clamps are made without weld. Pipe manufactured through process pierching billet followed by rolling and / or drawing. 

Stainless Steel: Steel that has a blend of corrosion-resistant nature of the extraordinary. The main element is a blend Nickel (Ni) and Chromium (Cr).

Check Drawing, Designers

For those independant designers that work on there own, or that preliminary work that goes out for bid, there is no substitution for perfect work. Incomplete work and errors, all cost extra. Here are some useful tips to reduce what a checker would find to almost nothing.
As a first step, check all of the information in the title block for conformance with the P&ID and the plot plan. Double check the line number, area number and piping material spec. Step two, yellow off the flowsheet as the isometric is traced on the flowsheet from start to finish. All inline components should appear on the iso. Check flow dierction. Check all continuations on the iso (against vessel drawings, including nozzle number, nozzle orientation, coordinates and flange type, gasket and rating.
Using a 3-D system and computer spec ? Check the Bill of Materials. Getting carbon steel materials in stainless stell lines is easy, especially if the final spec was not available when modelling started. Are all of the components in the line from the spec the line was modelled in? Check for fabrication category (shop - field) against the requirements for your projects. Many designers field run every thing below 40mm, some field run everything below 50mm.
Valves can be a pain, especially generic ones. Small bore valve dimensions change. Every manufacturer and valve type uses different overall dimensions. Here it is important to specify the make and model of every valve. The use of generic face to face dimensions will produce spool drawings with cut lengths that will be incorrect. The overall length of control valves, speciality items, instrumentation and anything else that is inline needs to be checked against the certified vendor data published for the project.
Always consider manufacturing restrictions when selecting field weld locations. Prefabricated spools will be shipped by tractor-trailor. Make spools fit on trailers and where appropriate into the average stress relieving oven. Allways allow for adjustment with appropriately selected field welds.
Colour is an extremely usefull tool. Yellowing off checked items on the P&ID, linelist, iso and GA takes away the need to recheck already checked areas.

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PFD

What is a Process Flow Diagram - PFD. A short definition. 

A Process Flow Diagram - PFD, is a schematic illustration of the system.

PFD's show the relationships between the major components in the system. PFD's also tabulate process design values for the components in different operating modes, typical minimum, normal and maximum. PFD's do not show minor components, piping systems, piping ratings and designations.

A PFD should include: 

Process Piping 
Major equipment symbols, names and identification numbers 
Control, valves and valves that affect operation of the system 
Interconnection with other systems 
System ratings and operational values as minimum, normal and maximum flow, temperature and pressure 
Composition of fluids 

Input Data

P&ID

What is a Piping and Instrumentation Diagram - P&ID?

A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram - P&ID, is a schematic illustration of functional relationship of piping, instrumentation and system equipment components.

P&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence of branches, reducers, valves, equipment, instrumentation and control interlocks.

The P&ID are used to operate the process system.

A P&ID should include:

Instrumentation and designations
Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
All valves and their identifications
Process piping, sizes and identification
Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers and increasers
Flow directions
Interconnections

Control inputs and outputs, interlocks

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Piping Codes And Standards

The integrity of a piping system depends on the considerations and principles used in design, construction and maintenance of the system. 

Piping systems are made of many components as pipes, flanges, supports, gaskets, bolts, valves, strainers, flexibles and expansion joints. 

The components can be made in a variety of materials, in different types and sizes and may be manufactured to common national standards or according a manufacturers proprietary item. 

Some companies even publish their own internal piping standards based upon national and industry sector standards. 

Piping codes and standards from standardization organizations as ANSI, ASME, ISO, DIN and others, are the most common used in pipes and piping systems specifications. 



The difference between piping codes and piping standards can be defined as: 

Piping Codes

Piping codes defines the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of pipes and piping systems.
A code has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. 


Piping Standards
Piping standards define application design and construction rules and requirements for piping components as flanges, elbows, tees, valves etc. 
A standard has a limited scope defined by the standard.


* ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings - The ASME B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel .

* ASTM International - ASTM International - American Society for Testing and Materials - is a scientific and technical organization that develops and publishes voluntary standards on the characteristics of material, products, systems and services .

* ASTM International - Standards for Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittings - The ASTM standards covers various types of steel pipes, tubes and fittings for high-temperature service, ordinary use and special applications such as fire protection use .

* ASTM International - Volume 01.01 Steel - Piping, Tubing, Fittings - An overview of the ASTM Volume 01.01 standard .

* Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 150 lb - Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings - 150 lb Bronze flanges with plain faces .

* Bronze Flanges - ASME/ANSI 300 lb - Flange diameters, thickness, bolt circles, numbers and diameter of bolts for ASME/ANSI B16.15 - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings - 300 lb Bronze Flanges with plain faces .

* BSi - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications - British standards and specifications for pipe, tube and fittings .

* Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Classification - Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium (niobium), molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 150 - ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 150 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 1500 - ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 1500 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 2500 - ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 2500 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 300 - ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 300 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 400 - ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 400 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 600 - ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 600 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 900 - ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 900 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Carbon and Stainless Steel Welding Neck Flange Bores - Flange bores of welding neck flanges according ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings .

* Carbon Steel Flanges - Pressure and Temperature Ratings - Maximum temperature and pressure ratings of flanges conforming dimensions ASME B16.5 and materials specification ASTM A-105 .

* Carbon Steel Pipes - Comparing American & European Specifications - Comparing standards of carbon steel pipes from USA, Germany, UK and Sweden .

* Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 125 - ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 125 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 25 - ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 25 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Cast Iron Flanges - ASME/ANSI Class 250 - ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings - Class 250 Flanges - outside and inside diameters, bolt circles, numbers and diameters of bolts .

* Comparing American and British Piping Standards - Comparing US American (ASTM) and British (BSi) piping standards - specifications, grades and material descriptions .

* Cross Reference of ASTM Material Specifications - Fittings, Flanges, Unions and Cast and Forged Valves .

* DIN - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications - Deutsches Institut für Normung - DIN - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications .

* Fiberglass Pipes - common Standards - Commonly used standards for fiberglass pipes and their applications .

* Flanges - API vs. ASME/ANSI - Comparing API and ASME/ANSI flanges .

* Flanges - Ratings in Classes and Pressure Numbers (PN) - Pressure numbers (PN) compared to flange class designations .

* ISO - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications - International Organization for Standardization - ISO - pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications .

* JIS - Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, and Gaskets Standards - Japanese industrial flanges, bolts, nuts, and gaskets standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese Standards Association .

* JIS - Japanese Industrial Standards - The Japanese Standards Association - JSA .

* JIS - Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards - Japanese industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from JAS - the Japanese Standards Association .

* Stainless Steel - Comparing International Standards - Comparing international stainless steel standards from America (US), France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Sweden, England (UK) and the European Union .

* Stainless Steel Pipes - Comparing American and European Standards - Comparing American - US - and European - German, British (UK) and Swedish - stainless steel pipe standards .

* Stainless Steels Classifications - Stainless steels are commonly grouped into martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels .

* Steel Pipe Standardization Organizations - The most important world wide steel pipe standardization organizations .

* Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 80 - Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 80 steel pipes .

* Steel Pipes Dimensions - ANSI Schedule 40 - Internal and external diameters, areas, weights, volumes and number of threads for schedule 40 steel pipes .

* Steel Tubes according BS 1387 - Dimensions and weights of steel tubes according BSi - BS 1387:1985 Specification for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads .

* Threaded & Socket Welded Fittings -Pressure Classes and Schedules - Pressure classes, schedules and weights of pipes for threaded & socket welded fittings . 

Information Drawing

(1) General

The information drawings shall be made in accordance with the latest piping study drawings and the result of stress analysis.

(2) Equipment

The information drawings for equipment design shall be prepared by using form sheets.

The following information shall be given on the drawings:

1. Nozzle and platform arrangement including location of vessel and manhole davits as specified in the project Specifications.

2. Location of pipe support components to be furnished by manufacturer's such as patch plates and support clips/lugs on equipment.

3. Location and height of saddles with indication of fixed side. 

4. Type and height of foundations

5. Locations and dimensions of holes piping passing through.

6. Loading data for heavy weight pipe supports and platforms.

(3) Pipe Rack

The following information shall be given on the drawings.

1. Width, span and elevation.

2. Anchor locations and trust forces

3. Walkways, platforms and ladder locations where required.

4. Location and type of insert plate to be provided on RC columns and beams

5. Piping loads to be included.

a. Pipe weight

b. Fluid weight: 

- Full water weight for liquid

- 30% of full water weight for liquid and gas or vapor

- No weight for gas and vapor

c. Insulation weight, if insulation is required.

6. Location, type and load for pipe supports on pipe rack.

7. Location and width of instrument and electric cable tray/duct.

(4) Structure

The following information shall be given on structure drawing.

1. Length, width, elevation and location of beams supporting equipment.

2. Indication of floored area and its elevation

3. Location of stairway and ladder

4. Location and dimension of holes piping passing through

5. Provision of trolley beams and its elevation, where required.

6. Indication of interconnecting stages, where required.

7. Location and type of insert plates to be provided on RC columns and beams.

8. Location of removable handrails, where required.

9. Location and load for pipe support on structure

(5) Pipe Stanchion, Major Support and Operation Stage

The following information shall be given :

1. Pipe stanchions and major supports to be designed by Architectural Group

a. Location, shape, elevation, width and load to be informed.

b. Thrust force and its direction to be informed where required.

2. Operation stage to be designed by Architectural Group

- Location, shape, elevation and width.


(6) Civil

The following information shall be given on the drawings :

1. Funnel Locations

Additional funnels other than shown on the Engineering Flow Diagram shall be provided at the location described below:

a) In front of pumps

b) In compressor shelters and structures

c) Near pipe rack columns, where required


2. Location, width, elevation, load and thrust force of pipe sleeper.

3. Location, width and elevation of valve pit.

4. Location, shape, elevation, load and thrust force of foundation for pipe support.

5. Location, width and elevation of pipe trench

6. Required paved area

7. Information of U/G piping

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